Between 1906 and 1916 the Northern Pacific Railroad expanded rapidly in Missoula, attracting hundreds of new workers. In response, investors constructed rental homes and boardinghouses near the tracks. Irish boardinghouse owner and real estate investor Rose (Fergus) Merrick built this worker’s cottage circa 1911. The well-preserved hipped (pyramid) roof home and its nearly identical neighbors exemplify typical early-twentieth-century worker housing. Many railroad workers and their families rented the home, including a fireman and an engineer. Rose owned multiple properties and was among many widowed and divorced women who made their living from rental housing. After her fourth marriage ended in divorce, she married Northern Pacific depot master Martin Merrick in 1910. He filed for divorce in 1912, and Rose sued for alimony, claiming he married her to gain access to her rental properties. Ultimately, Rose dropped the alimony suit, a judge granted the divorce, and Rose kept her properties. When she died in 1922, Rose left her real estate, valued at $26,000 (approximately $918,000 in 2026 dollars), to her niece, Kate Sharpe, who leased the home to tenants until 1950.
]]>A building frenzy arrived in Hamilton after 1907 as the Bitterroot apple boom boosted the town’s population to three thousand. Downtown gained several architect-designed buildings, identifiable by their high-fire brick, leaded-glass transoms, and ornamental parapets. Many other respectable contractor-designed buildings filled the lots in between. In 1908, grocery store owner Lloyd Reimel hired contractor Eric Erickson to build this cast concrete block commercial building. Made with a hand-operated press, cast concrete block was unheard of in 1900. By 1906, however, more than a thousand companies nationally manufactured the durable material, providing an inexpensive alternative to cut stone. Upon completion, Lloyd sold the building to Fred Grill who operated a grocery store here until 1911. That year, John C. Wagner and wife Emma purchased the building for their furniture store and undertaking business; they lived in the second-floor rooms until 1915. John Dowling bought the Wagner’s undertaking business in 1917, operating in this location until 1926. During the 1930s, the store held automotive businesses, and then the Turf Buffet from 1939 to 1947. Ronald and Elsie Owen purchased the building in 1955. As of 2026, it remains in their family ownership.
]]>Seven Bozeman pioneers gathered in 1872 to form Montana Territory’s second Presbyterian congregation. The flock grew and built its first wooden church in 1880; the energetic Ladies Aid Society raised almost half the funds for construction through ice cream and strawberry festivals, baked-bean suppers, and church fairs. The small Gothic revival building sat diagonally across from the home of Emma Willson, one of the church’s founding members. When she and her husband Lester moved to a new elegant residence on South Willson, they donated their original home to the church. The Panic of 1893, among Montana’s worst economic depressions, delayed plans to use that site to construct a larger sanctuary. By 1908, however, Bozeman had recovered, crews demolished the Willsons’ small home (which the church had been using as a Sunday school), and construction began. Volunteers hauled foundation stone from a quarry in Bridger Canyon, and local contractor Frank Vreeland supervised construction of the new brick and stone church. Designed by architects Turnbull and Jones of Elgin, Illinois, and built and furnished for the princely sum of $53,000, the Gothic Revival style church features a cross-axial plan with a square bell tower, an impressive cut-sandstone Gothic-arched entry, and fixed stained glass windows set in heavy, wooden tracery. Designed for use, the practical interior featured a 700-seat auditorium, well-equipped classrooms, and a modern kitchen and dining room. With clear references to both European tradition and to universities and other venerable institutions in the United States, the design communicated permanence, stability, and respectability while reflecting a national Presbyterian aesthetic.
]]>Barry O’Leary and Honora Shea both emigrated from County Cork, Ireland, he in 1898 and she in 1901. They met in Butte and married at St. Mary’s Church in 1906. By 1909 they had moved into this front-gable home half a block from the Gagnon Mine. Here, Honora raised four boys, who undoubtedly joined the neighborhood children playing at the mine dump. Barry worked forty-eight years for the Anaconda Company, first as a miner, then as an oiler, and then as a stationary engineer. He was also a long-standing city council member, first elected in 1932, and a four-term mayor (1941-1949). His political advertisements touted his fiscal conservatism and commitment to improving the city. The O’Learys were devout Catholics. Barry was also an Irish nationalist and member of the semi-secret Robert Emmett Literary Society, a revolutionary organization committed to achieving an independent Irish Republic by force of arms. The O’Learys built an addition onto the house in 1935, where they remained in residence until their deaths, Honora’s at eighty-one in 1965 and Barry’s at ninety-three in 1970.
]]>By the time workers built this hipped roof cottage circa 1888, a hodgepodge of log cabins and wood-frame miners' cottages dotted the hill above the still developing Original and Colorado mineyards. During the next twenty years the area exploded with industrial and residential development. By 1891, miners filled the new brick boardinghouse across the street. Starting in 1892, steam engines pulling heavily loaded rail cars roared by at all hours on the bank just north of the house. By 1902, the view from the front porch included the towering steel Original Mine headframe, numerous smokestacks, and dozens of associated mine yard buildings. Irish immigrant John Ryan and wife Elizabeth purchased this home in 1899, and by 1900 the two-bedroom house teemed with their seven children. An eighth child arrived in 1902, and John died from kidney disease in 1909. Elizabeth continued to raise the younger children while her older children went to work in the mines and nearby businesses. After she died in 1937, her daughter Virginia and husband John Crotty remained in residence until the mid-1950s.
]]>Anaconda’s population jumped from approximately 4,000 in 1890 to 7,800 in 1895. As a result, both residential and commercial construction boomed between 1893 and 1898. Hundreds of carpenters, masons, and laborers built 1,376 dwellings between 1895 and 1904. By 1896, this lot held a three-room, hipped-roof cottage facing the street, another small cottage behind it, and a stable bordering the alley. By 1903, the owner had expanded both cottages and remodeled the stable into a two-story home. Between 1900 and 1928, an ever-changing array of laborers, smelter, and railroad workers occupied the homes. Butte, Anaconda, and Pacific Railroad carpenter Walter Peters purchased the property in 1928. He likely removed the backyard houses, added a garage, and remodeled the front of the main house, which he covered with a distinctive “catslide” gable roof. Often found on English Tudor Revival style homes of the 1920s and 1930s, the roof extends lower on one side, almost to the ground, allowing a cat to “slide” off the roof. Walter and his wife Josephine raised two sons here and remained in residence until the late 1940s.
]]>A ghost sign recalls the origins of the only homestead-era commercial building still standing in the area. At its height, Garneill boasted two general stores, three saloons, a lumberyard, three-story hotel, grain elevator, blacksmith shop, railroad station, stockyard, Methodist Episcopal church, and doctor’s office. Two railroads serviced the community. Canadian immigrant William S. Manley hired his brother David, a brick mason, to construct this store in 1910. Brick triangles decorate the cornice (roof line), and a corner entrance welcomes passersby from two directions. Natural light streams in through large plate-glass windows, and a pressed tin ceiling ornaments the interior. Since Manley also served as postmaster, the store doubled as a post office. Some of the original mailboxes remain. In the 1920s, drought and low commodity prices brought on hard times. Most people left Garneill, including Manley, who ultimately settled in Butte. In the 1940s, farmer John Peck purchased the abandoned building with the intention of converting it into a granary. Instead, after replacing the roof, he donated it to the Garneill Community Club in 1944. In 1947, the club added a kitchen. They frequently met here for meals, movies, dances, and holiday celebrations. This is also where Judith Gap High School held its annual junior/senior banquet, area boy and girl scouts held ceremonies and trainings, the Farm Bureau held its meetings, and people voted on Election Day. In 1974, only twelve people remained in Garneill. The Michael Hausman Filmhaus Foundation rehabilitated the building in 1986. It remains a local landmark and a community gathering place.
]]>Great Falls’ school district trustees commissioned architects William Donvan and Burt Rhoads to build this Neoclassical Revival style school building in 1910. The new school replaced a smaller 1891 school building three blocks to the east. It boasted eight classrooms on two floors, a central hallway lit by a large fanlight window, central heat, and a full basement. The school mainly served recent European immigrants, many of whom learned to speak English in the school’s classrooms. Throughout the 1910s, the city’s school-aged population grew rapidly, and the school district kept pace with additions and expansions throughout the city. In early 1916, school trustees hired architect George Maurey to design a three-story southern annex. The rusticated stone and buff brick addition faced Second Avenue Southwest and held ten new classrooms and two playrooms. The school’s population continued to grow throughout the 1920s and by 1929, the school added two classrooms in the basement for children of the city’s “landless” Métis and Chippewa Cree Indians. These segregated rooms reportedly offered Indian students instruction in crafts and trades in addition to the regular curriculum. In 1938-39, the school district used federal funds from the Public Works Administration to add east and west wings to the 1916 annex, but Indian children remained segregated. Public outcry protesting unfair treatment eventually succeeded in ending Indian segregation in the schools by 1950. The school closed in 1985 and was converted to apartments in 1989.
]]>The North Elevation neighborhood’s “smooth graded roads” and building lots with space for a backyard and a garage likely attracted Argyle and Jessie Scott to build this Craftsman style home in 1914. Inside, rich wood floors, substantial mahogany columns between the living and dining rooms, and a brick fireplace framed by built-in bookcases exemplify signature Craftsman details. Argyle managed the Billings Land and Irrigation Co. and was chairman of the Billings Chamber of Commerce’s Good Roads Committee, which advocated for improved roads and encouraged automobile travel. In 1915, to promote travel along the Yellowstone Trail, Argyle drove his six-cylinder Chalmers from Billings to Columbus in record time. He was one of many drivers across the country who relayed a letter from Chicago’s mayor to Seattle’s mayor in less time than it would take to deliver it by train. By 1924, barber Frank Key and his wife Birdie had purchased the home. Frank died suddenly in 1925 and by 1932, their daughter Frances and her husband Wilbur Lenhart, also a barber, had moved in with Birdie. The Lenharts remained in residence until the early 1970s.
]]>Access to three transcontinental railroads and a booming rural population led Omaha, Nebraska-based Western Newspaper Union (WNU) to build this reinforced concrete and brick warehouse in 1917. Local architect Curtis Oehme designed the Western Commercial style building, which features multicolored brick, recessed brick panels, and diamond-shaped inlays on the vertical pilasters. In the late 1890s, Western Newspaper Union revolutionized rural journalism by supplying "ready-print" to small local newspapers with limited equipment and workers. Ready-print plates were premade newspaper printing plates containing national and international news, fiction, photographs, and advertisements. Rural weekly newspapers subscribed to the service, which allowed them to offer a wider variety of inside page content. In the 1920s, WNU supplied plates to about seventy-five papers in Montana and Wyoming. In 1922, WNU added an east-side addition and merged their paper stocks with the Carpenter Paper Company. Six Carpenter brothers had started the business in 1887 in a remodeled livery stable in Des Moines, Iowa. By 1900, they grew it into one of the nation’s largest paper suppliers. The company moved to Omaha in 1907 and expanded to Billings in 1917. By 1929, Carpenter had added many new salesmen and warehouse workers and branched into flooring products and Victrola record players. That year, the company purchased the building from WNU, which remained a tenant until 1940. In 1951, Carpenter added a thirty-five-thousand square-foot warehouse addition designed by Cushing & Terrell. The Carpenter Paper Company continued to provide wholesale paper products to eastern Montana and northern Wyoming until 1996.
]]>About a third of the entire population of Norway left the country during the heyday of emigration between 1860 and 1910. Among those emigrating were the Bratsberg and Grant families, both of whom left the fjord city of Trondheim for Chicago in 1872. In 1874, both families moved to Sherman, South Dakota, to farm. In 1891, Ellen Bratsberg and Laurits Grant married and began farming themselves. The couple moved to Kalispell in 1908. Laurits invested in property and oil leases. Ellen—who lost six children in infancy—was active in the Bethlehem Lutheran Church. Into her eighties she continued to practice the handicrafts she had learned as a child: spinning, weaving, knitting, rug-making, and Hardanger embroidery (Norwegian white on white needlework). Ellen and Laurits built this elegant Craftsman style home in 1924. Distinguishing features include decorative brackets beneath wide overhanging eaves and the open front porch supported by battered (tapered) columns. Circa 1934, Modern Shoe Shop proprietor Olai Foss and his wife Olive purchased the home. When the couple moved away in 1937, they sold Olai’s shop and the house to Albert and Margaret Sos.
]]>Elizabeth McGuire moved to Montana Territory circa 1882, divorced her husband, and homesteaded in the Deer Lodge valley with two young sons. She built this two-story Italianate style rooming house circa 1893 on land she acquired from a neighboring rancher. Having worked at her father’s boarding house in Indiana, Elizabeth requested closets for all seven rooms. Her contractor protested saying closets were unfashionable, but she demanded the house be built for convenience, not style. She and sons lived here and next door at No. 112, while renting rooms to bachelors and married couples. Elizabeth, an intrepid, strong-willed woman, battled her contractor in court and once locked tenants out for several hours. In the 1920s, Elizabeth took in Euphemia Vautor, an elderly neighbor. Under Elizabeth’s care, Euphemia willed her nearly $10,000. After Euphemia died, her sister fought the will in court, and a judge ruled that Elizabeth had exerted “undue influence” on Euphemia’s “weakened mind.” Elizabeth died in 1927, and son Robert continued to rent out the house. Uuno Sahinen, State Geologist for Montana Bureau of Mines, and wife Margaret were in residence from 1945 to 1971.
]]>Dentist Alphaeus V. Fluhrer and wife Margaret had this Queen Anne/Colonial Revival style home built in 1908. Originally, the home featured a modest rectangular floorplan with a gable-front roof and full front porch. Between 1912 and 1922, the Fluhrers added two rear additions, a concrete garage, and a shed. After 1928, new owners constructed additions to the south side. The Fluhrers raised three children in the home, and Alphaeus participated in nearly every fraternal organization in town. Harry and Esther Olcott purchased the home in 1928. Soon after, they planted tiny spruce trees that (as of 2026) hide the home from Word Avenue. Harry owned a wholesale grocery warehouse and a farm implement dealership. He served for many years as president of the Red Lodge Rodeo Association, president of the Commercial Club, and was elected mayor of Red Lodge in 1945. Esther—who had graduated as valedictorian from Carbon County High School—stayed home to raise two daughters, a son, and an adopted niece. All three Olcott children graduated as valedictorians and completed college.
]]>By 1890, Butte boasted 10,723 inhabitants, more than eighty operating mines, and an extensive electric streetcar (trolley) system. As demand for copper soared and the population tripled over the next decade, multifamily residences and apartment buildings filled most vacant lots, especially in the west- and south-lying neighborhoods. Jesse Wathey, superintendent of the Butte Consolidated Street Railway, commissioned this classic brick duplex in 1890. Colored multipaned windows in the living room, a second-story porch, and a decorative parapet (roofline) added charm to the middle-class, two-bedroom units. Jesse and his family lived in a small house nearby on an adjoining lot facing Porphyry Street. They rented the apartments to an ever-changing array of skilled mine workers and young professionals. Jewish immigrants Simon and Rachael Witofsky purchased the building by 1913. Simon operated the Butte Trunk Manufacturing Company, and Rachael raised their children and managed tenants. When the couple divorced in 1916, Rachael gained full ownership and continued living in No. 326, renting out rooms until 1922. Her son Mendal and family lived next door in No. 328 from 1923 to 1931.
]]>The Reverend Benjamin F. Shuart founded the First Congregational Church in May 1882, only two months after Northern Pacific Railroad investors established Billings. Since then, the church has served as a place of worship and a stalwart advocate for civil rights, human dignity, and social justice. In November 1883, carpenters replaced a temporary church building with a permanent, Tudor-Revival style brick building. During construction, Shuart raised funds to build the city’s first public school and organized the Billings Literary Society (a precursor to the Billings Public Library). In the early 1900s, the church promoted women’s suffrage efforts and provided food, clothing, and medical aid to Billings residents. In 1918, the church became an emergency hospital during the influenza pandemic. To accommodate growing membership, church leaders commissioned a north-side Parish House wing in 1928, adding classrooms and assembly spaces. An education wing followed in 1951, and the current Modern style addition replaced the 1883 church and part of the 1928 addition in 1957. Church efforts during the Great Depression addressed poverty, and after World War II, refugee resettlement. From the 1960s through the 1980s, the congregation created affordable housing, opened a childcare center, and offered food programs for the elderly and disabled. Fighting racism and hate speech in 1993, the congregation encouraged Billings residents to display paper menorahs in their windows to support the Jewish community and all victims of hate crimes. Thousands participated, attracting worldwide attention and inspiring the national “Not in Our Town” movement. First Congregational Church remains the oldest operating congregational church in Montana.
]]>Tucked away on the steep slope of Nanny Goat Hill, this 1899 Queen Anne style home suffered years of neglect until the Butte Historic Trust rescued it from collapse in 2021. Rehabilitation efforts secured the foundation, restored the brick and shingle siding, and replaced the missing turned posts, scrolled brackets, and spindlework frieze on the distinctive front porch. Many of the home’s early occupants reflected the neighborhood’s thriving Irish population. Police chief William Dawson, his wife Nellie, and their children lived here from 1899 to 1904. Irish widow Mary Murphy, her four children, and boarders lived here from 1907 to 1913, followed by Hennessey’s Department store manager James Murphy and wife Agnes from 1913 to 1919. Irish immigrants and newlyweds Jeremiah “Jerry” and Mary Egan purchased the home in 1919. Jerry, a mine shift boss, fell ill in 1924 and died of lung disease at age forty-three in 1926. Mary persevered, raising her young sons on her own and renting rooms to make ends meet. Both sons earned degrees in engineering and Mary remained here until she died in 1966.
]]>In 1935, Fred and Virginia Browning hired renowned Bozeman architect Fred Willson to design their home. Willson first proposed a traditional Cape Cod style, aligned with local architectural tastes, but Fred Browning rejected it requesting a bold International Style design instead. Browning—who had attended the 1934 Chicago World’s Fair—preferred the homes showcased at the fair. These “Homes of Tomorrow” reflected a striking new vision: flat roofs, smooth stucco walls, wrap-around corner windows, and steel railings. Completed in 1936, the Browning’s house became one of Bozeman’s architectural experiments. While the International Style reshaped major urban skylines, it never took hold in Montana’s neighborhoods. With just one counterpart nearby on Arthur Street, the Browning Residence is a rare example of interwar modernism. The Brownings raised two daughters here and maintained the home for more than fifty years. Fred, a salesman, was also remembered as a member of the celebrated 1928–29 Montana State “Golden Bobcats” national championship basketball team. Virginia, a homemaker, helped preserve regional history as secretary-treasurer of the Sons and Daughters of Gallatin Pioneers. The home remains a distinctive architectural outlier representing Bozeman’s brief, elegant brush with the future.
]]>In 1885, commissioners replaced the county’s first eighteen-bed “poor farm” hospital (1871) with a two-story, one-hundred-bed brick hospital. Although county inspectors generally found the “inmates” comfortable and well-cared-for, they sometimes pointed to problems such as the septic system backing into the well, straw-filled mattresses lacking sheets, and poor-quality food. After 1935 earthquakes destroyed the brick hospital, the county rebuilt it with an $80,000 bond and federal Public Works Administration funds. Prominent Billings architect John G. Link and Helena architect Edwin B. Benson designed the Late Art Deco/Early Moderne building, which opened in 1939. Decorative tiles and the central entry’s vertical emphasis reflect 1920s Art Deco influences, while the building’s horizonal massing, sleek lines, and smooth stucco walls evoke the 1930s Early Moderne style. Residents passed time playing cards, resting, reading donated books and magazines, tending gardens and livestock, and watching community programs. Staff cooked meals, washed laundry, and provided medical care. Many residents lived here until their deaths; others left periodically, but often returned. By 1961, the average patient’s age was 81, and the hospital officially became a convalescent home.
]]>Henry Hubert Jr., druggist at Henry’s Pharmacy on the northeast corner of Granite and Alabama, built this handsome, five-room Craftsman style bungalow in 1913. Born in Switzerland, Henry immigrated to Montana with his family in 1891 around age twelve. In 1911, while living directly across Western Avenue, he lost his twenty-five-year-old wife to rheumatic fever. On this adjacent corner lot, Henry found a fresh start with wife Rose. They raised daughters Bernice and May Rose and nurtured their love of gardening. Floral enthusiasts could see Rose’s prize-winning dahlias and delphiniums at local exhibitions or visit her home during the Butte Garden Club’s annual tours. Rose frequently hosted the Garden and Contract (Bridge) clubs. Teenage Bernice also hosted friends for bridge, dancing, and midnight meals. In 1936, tragedy struck when the revolver Henry always carried to protect the day’s receipts accidentally discharged, fatally wounding him. In spring 1945, Rose threw one final party with eighty guests for Bernice’s engagement. By summer, both daughters lived with their husbands and Rose had moved to a new home on North Alabama.
]]>Built by 1889, this six-room, hipped-roof cottage was primarily home to miners and their families. Located behind the Mountain Con Mine, the house likely shook as railcars loaded with ore passed just to the south. The mine operated twenty-four hours a day, so the sound of hoist engines and shift whistles were ever present. For the families who made this their home, the mine also resonated in other ways. In addition to being called “The Richest Hill on Earth,” Butte was also known as the “City of Widows and Orphans” because mining was such dangerous work. Owner John Toward died at age fifty-nine of miner’s consumption in 1905, leaving wife Caroline and four children ages twenty-three, twenty-one, nineteen, and sixteen. His own father Richard had died in 1898 at age forty-nine. Caroline continued in residence until 1917. In 1910, her grown children lived with her, likely contributing wages earned as a stenographer, messenger, and miner to help support the family. Irish Catholic miner Patrick Dennehy and wife Catherine purchased the home by 1927. They raised six children here, and Catherine remained in residence into the 1960s.
]]>In 1912, Juliette Gordon Low founded the Girl Scouts in Savannah, Georgia. Formally incorporated in 1915, the Girl Scouts grew rapidly, with troop leaders across the United States embracing its mission of “home-making, health-getting and citizenship.” In Butte, in the 1920s, Girl Scouts camped, hiked, and swam and learned knot tying, archery, first aid, and semaphore signaling. They also practiced folk-dancing, handcrafts, and the proper way to make a bed. In 1923, philanthropist Harriet Armstrong donated seventy-three acres of land bordering the Deerlodge National Forest to the Butte Girl Scout Council. Girl Scouts began camping on the property in 1924. In 1925, the Council installed tennis courts and a swimming pool. Construction of the Rustic-style Castle Rock Lodge began in 1927. Built with local logs and cobblestones, the lodge features a sturdy stone foundation, chimney, and pergola. Inside, it holds a dining room, kitchen, assembly hall, and a large sleeping loft. Log walls, two split-log staircases, peeled log rafters, and a cobblestone fireplace brings the natural world into the lodge. Over time, the Girl Scouts modernized and expanded the lodge, adding indoor plumbing in 1933 and a dining hall in 1958. Though ownership briefly transferred to the Butte Lions Club in 1968, the Girl Scouts continued to camp here and regained title in 1985. Over time, the Girl Scouts’ mission evolved to helping girls “discover their strengths and rise to meet new challenges,” but Castle Rock Lodge remained a gathering place. It still stands as a “lasting monument to Butte and Montana girlhood,” just as its founders intended.
]]>Real estate broker Edward G. Smith and wife Anna built this Queen Anne Style cottage in 1896 for $2,000. Edward’s employer—builder and real estate developer Charles Passmore—provided the plans and construction. After an 1889 fire devastated Butte’s commercial and residential core, the city passed its first ordinance mandating brick and stone construction. Passmore, who had just arrived in Butte, cashed in by building dozens of small yet fashionable brick-veneered cottages and offering affordable installment payment plans. This home’s shingled and flared gable end, arched windows, and machine-made ornamentation reflect upscale Queen Anne style embellishments. After the Smiths moved out in 1903, other occupants included a lawyer, cigar store owner, and a doctor. By 1911, the home rented for $40 per month. Irish miner Michael “Mickey” Duggan, wife Julia, and six children filled the home to capacity between 1920 and 1923, and after they left, a steady stream of laborers followed. Anaconda Company shift boss Samuel Sibley and wife Amelia purchased the home in 1930, sharing it with their two grown daughters. The Sibleys remained in residence until their daughter Emily married in 1942.
]]>By 1890, copper mining boomed in Butte, attracting droves of new workers and real estate speculators. That year, the Curtis and Majors real estate firm replaced a wood-frame dwelling on this lot with a narrow one-story bay-fronted brick residence. Undertaker and music store owner Eugene H. Sherman purchased the home as an investment in 1891 for $4,500. After the Silver Panic of 1893 (a nationwide economic depression), he sold the home in 1895 to widow Mary Crangle for just $2,500. Combination Mine blacksmith Alexander Gray and his wife Winnifred purchased the home in 1904, and in 1908 they added the second story. Sadly, Alexander fell victim to tuberculosis in 1912, joining the ranks of 675 Butte mine workers claimed by respiratory disease between 1907 and 1913. Winnifred remained in residence and raised children “Mose” Alex Jr., Lucy, and Walter, while renting rooms to miners. Mose later worked as an electrician and remained at home. After Winnifred died in 1944, Mose lived downstairs with male boarders and Lucy, recently widowed, lived upstairs with her son Alec and women boarders. Both siblings died in 1971.
]]>